of and on【Analysis,on,Deficiency,and,Improvement,of,Prevention,Strategies,of,Rural,Water,Pollution,in,China】

　　Abstract. According to the severe situation of rural water pollution in China, the paper analyzes the deficiency and correlative reasons of the prevention strategies of rural water pollution, and then proposes suggestions and measures of perfecting the prevention policy of rural water pollution.
　　Key words:water pollution； rural； prevention strategy
　　
　　With the development of the social economy in China, profound changes have taken place in the environment of rural areas. Man-made environmental water contamination frequently breaks out, making the environmental protection efforts much more severe. The domestic environmental efforts have been centralized in the urban cities for a long time, contributing to having priority and efficiency. But the attention to the environmental protection for the vast rural areas has been neglected as a result. In recent years, the environmental problems in rural areas become worse and worse. Soil pollution, air pollution, domestic waste and other environmental problems are gradually accumulated. Specifically the water pollution exposes the trend of rapid deterioration.
　　
　　1. The general situation of rural water pollution in China
　　1.1.Tense situation of rural water pollution
　　At present, about 80% rivers are affected by various levels of pollution; more than half of the rural population use potable water with excessive spoilage microorganisms; and nearly 200 million people drink the water contaminated by organic substances. What’s worse, the groundwater in many parts has been already impotable because of the abuse of pesticide, various chemical hormones and other chemical substances, which seriously influences people’s physical health and healthy development of rural economy. Many environmental events happened in the recent years such as Fengxiang blood lead event of Shan Xi province; farmland pollution along the Xiang river of Xiangtan section; illegal dumping of chromic slag in Xujing of Yunnan province and pollution of Hukou industrial park of Jiangxi province brought direct damage towards rural environment.
　　According to the report of “practice and exploration of project management on potable water safety in rural China” issued by Ministry of Water Resources in 2010, nearly 200 million families and 800 million people are located in more tan 600000 administrative villages, over 2.5 million villages in China. About 323 million people there drink unhealthy water daily and 908.4 million of them have been deeply affected by water pollution.
　　1.2. Characteristics of rural water pollution
　　Along with the enhancement of living standard of the rural people and changes of life pattern in rural areas, the production of domestic sewage increases gradually. Currently, the emission of domestic sewage in rural China reaches up to 8~9 billion ton. On the basis of the sample survey on domestic sewage in villages and small towns of China in 2009, only 2.6% villages set up sewage treatment facilities after investigating more than 200 administrative villages. Rural domestic sewage in main drainage areas contributes to the pollution load, taking up more than 50% of possibilities, which has been considered to be a major factor of water pollution of main drainage areas in China.
　　On the other hand, in many rural areas, domestic sewage as the main source of water pollution before transforms to industrial sewage, agricultural sewage (animal husbandry and migration of fertilizer and pesticide) and mixed sewage combined with domestic sewage, which results in continuous deepening of environmental improvement. In rural areas, domestic sewage is usually discharged everywhere and mixed with rainwater into combined sewer pipeline. All the sewage ultimately enters into the nearby river for convenience, which contaminates rivers and lakes; seriously destroy ecological environment of rural areas and even directly threatens physical health of rural people. And the dispersive geographical distribution of villages makes domestic sewage and production waste scatter around to increase the difficulty to collect and recycle them.
　　1.3. Restraining factors for the prevention of rural water pollution
　　The settlement of rural people in various levels is located dispersively with small scale of infrastructure construction, which cannot meet the requirements of mass efficiency in the market operation. Moreover, the complex relationship among the responsible parties of rural environmental protection results in lack of attraction to the social funds towards rural environmental market. So the rural environmental infrastructure mainly relies on the support by financial funds from the government. As a matter of fact, the townships and village-level administrative organizations usually pay attention to the economy instead of environment due to limited financial situation. They are unable to build infrastructure for pollution treatment, which causes continuously accumulated pollution of rural settlements.
　　In accordance with the statistics of environmental administration, China has approximately 600000 administrative villages, 1/3 of which, that is 200000 administrative villages, are in great need of control. And each administrative village needs 1 million yuan for environmental protection. Calculated by 50% of investments from the central and local government respectively, the central government needs to invest 100 billion yuan. However, there still exists a large gap in the control and protection towards rural environmental pollution.
　　Apart from the financial factor, the lagging technology of township enterprises, adverse supervision towards rural environment and feeble environmental consciousness and so on are all regarded as the major reasons of leading to the deterioration of rural water pollution.
　　
　　2. Deficiency existed in the prevention strategies of rural water pollution
　　The existing environmental legal system in China is mainly designed for point source pollution of industrial cities. But as for agricultural pollution and rural environmental protection, systematic legislation and political framework are still in vacancy. Under the circumstances of escalating agricultural pollution, the environmental legislative system of China should be improved as soon as possible in order to provide legal protection for the rural water pollution.
　　2.1. Imperfection of prevention and reduction system of rural water pollution
　　As for the rural sewage treatment, China lacks the uniform legislations and regulations. Some countermeasures are scattered in other legislations and regulations. Many departments like the ministry of agriculture, the ministry of water resources, the agency of environmental protection and the ministry of public health take responsibilities without consolidated views. Some scattered policies and rules rather than a systematic and pointed integrated administrative mechanism exist in the prevention and reduction of rural water pollution. Meanwhile, the evaluation system of control policies of rural sewage pollution, accountability system, and supervision mechanism of the pollutants etc have not been fully established. For instance, according to “administrative regulations of collecting and utilizing the fees for discharging the pollutants”, the fees for discharging the pollutants should be spent on treating the major pollution sources. Actually, many pollution sources come from the urban cities. But a large number of pollutants are mainly distributed in the rural areas, which are out of the range of environmental treatment. So in practice, some rural areas with the most serious influence do not have access to some proper compensation.
　　Many specific problems in current system of water pollution treatment have not been clearly regulated. Although the agricultural environmental protection has been involved in “the law of environmental protection”, “the law of prevention and reduction towards water pollution”, and “the law of agriculture”, it is still not so systematic and comprehensive that some legal-blind zones can be found out in the administration and management of rural pollution. For example, with the rapid development of agricultural economy, the discharge capacity of rural livestock farming has been strengthened significantly. However, the correlative discharge standard and supervision department have not been established in the regulations nowadays, lack of the provisions of rights and obligations of the responsible subjects in charge of rural water pollution.
　　2.2. Lack of direction and maneuverability for prevention and reduction policies of rural water pollution
　　The current laws and regulations associated with the prevention of agricultural pollution can be described in the following three situations. Firstly, correlative legislations and regulations are not existed. Secondly, some existed legislations and regulations are obscure and unspecific. Thirdly, the disciplinary measures are unfruitful because of undemanding enforcement and shallow responsibilities.
　　Due to widespread distribution, the rural areas in China differ from each other in national and economic conditions. “Taking actions that suit local circumstances” should be considered as the core principle of the treatment on Chinese rural water pollution. That’s to say, we cannot follow up the original model and view of urban pollution treatment to take the rural problem into consideration. The practical situation in rural areas needs to be concerned.
　　For example, “the law on promoting clean production” which mainly focuses on some projects of clean production in manufacturing areas only simply makes some principled regulations on clear production in agricultural areas. And the 47th and 48th items of “the law on the prevention and treatment of water pollution” just make some simple regulations of the supervision system on fertilizers and pesticides, which leads to the result that the law-executors in practice do not know how to manage and with what means they can realize the objectives of the system. “The law on prevention and treatment of water pollution” newly modified in 2008 has proposed to “actively prevent and treat the widespread pollution of rural areas”, which paid more attention to the rural pollution. But as for the countermeasures, it has no specific details on pollution control.
　　Therefore, it is necessary for us to adopt different measures to treat rural water pollution from that of urban cities including lowering the investment costs and operational costs; adjusting the standard of sewage discharge and providing government subsidies. For instance, urban sewage treatment often gets rid of excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in waste water, so does the rural sewage treatment. While as a matter of fact, most of rural sewage is used for irrigation after treatment since many elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus are the necessity for the growth of crops and also the main ingredients for fertilization. If possible, adjusting the treatment standard of several elements in the process of rural sewage pollution can not only lower the costs of sewage treatment, but also reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers in agriculture with the purpose of achieving multiple objectives at one stroke.
　　
　　3. Suggestions to improve the prevention strategies of rural water pollution
　　3.1. Perfection of the legislation system of rural water pollution
　　The legal system of prevention and treatment on water pollution in China is mainly consisted of “the law on environmental protection” and “the law on prevention and control of water pollution”. As for the specific sources and specialty of rural water pollution, the current laws either make simple regulations or lack correlative rules, leading to the omission of prevention legislation of rural water pollution and appropriate treatment system in accordance with rural characteristics.
　　The sources of rural water pollution mainly come from pesticides, chemical fertilizers, livestock and poultry breeding, and some domestic waste. But a comprehensive system has not been established yet in connection with the above characteristics. First of all, though some regulations on pesticides pollution, fertilizers pollution and livestock breeding pollution are simply involved in the correlative laws, the lack of specific measures or system results in loosened operability in practice. There exist many legislative blank spaces in current laws and regulations over the prevention and treatment of rural water pollution. Because the global overall work of water pollution treatment requires a unified system of both rural and urban water pollution control, it is not necessary to separate the legislation of rural water pollution treatment from the whole work. Thus, the supplement of correlative items becomes a matter of urgency.
　　Of course, the newly measures and policies cannot be fulfilled immediately. We should master rural environmental situations and features through tough and meticulous surveys; execute measures and policies with continuous modification according to the necessity of rural construction; and sum up experience from practices in order to achieve good social and economic benefits for the integration of urban and rural areas and even comprehensive treatment.
　　3.2. Perfection of supervision and management system for prevention of rural water pollution
　　Most of provincial environmental bureaus have not established full-time departments in charge of rural environmental protection, let alone the grass-root environmental departments below the country levels. More than 95% townships have not built up any environmental organizations. The lack of some essential supervisions, installments and capacities for rural environmental protection increases the difficulty of carrying out further work.
　　Therefore, a strict and refined green GDP evaluation system should be established in terms of the sources, which governments from all levels take ecological performance and rural environmental quality in to consideration. The intensification of supervision and linkage can let the unscrupulous enterprises that damage the ecological environment and desert pollution illegally pay a heavy price. Only in this way can make the rural areas get rid of pollution and avoid the traditional model of the administration after the contamination.
　　The institutional guarantee can be considered as the most reliable method to prevent rural areas from becoming the maximum cost of the principal economic development, which endows the fundamental environmental departments with basic powers for environmental protection and establish the stringent accountability mechanisms. Meanwhile, the rural people can have the chance to defense their lawful rights with a firm legal basis and clear channel.
　　Enhancement of promotion and guidance of protecting rural water environment.
　　3.3. Villagers are regarded as the main participants to treat and protect rural water environment.
　　Thus, we should take the political advocacy as the forerunner of promoting water resources protection and safeguard the water resources with wholesome legislations and regulations. And the promotion of ecological environmental protection should be strengthened to enhance the environmental awareness of villagers, create a good atmosphere for further work and increase the enthusiasm of villagers to proactively participate in the construction and consolidation. Besides, driven by the great interests, many villagers massively use chemical fertilizers and pesticides with shallow utilization, which also contributes to the rural widespread pollution as a major cause. And the national supportive subsidy policies towards chemical fertilizers and pesticides also have side effects on water ecological protection. As far as we’re concerned, the agricultural products with high efficiency, low toxicity and shallow residues should be popularized to further improve ecological agricultural construction and ensure the continuous development of agriculture fundamentally.
　　
　　4. Conclusion
　　Based on the 12th five-year plan for national township sewage treatment, China will spend approximately 30 years from 2010 in establishing and perfecting the infrastructure and service system of drainage and sewage treatment in 90% townships around. By the year of 2020, 30% residents in the townships will enjoy well-established public drainage services. And the rural sewage pollution problems in some key preservation regions can be comprehensively and effectively controlled. Legislation ahead is considered to be the fundamental assurance to achieve the above objectives. As long as all levels of departments from the central to the regional government pay full attention to rural environmental work, formulate some connective environmental protective polices, and implement and execute the correlative laws into practice, the situation of water pollution prevention and treatment in rural areas can be reversed definitely and a virtuous circle can be achieved in the future.
　　
　　5. Acknowledge
　　This research is financially supported by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Xiangan University (No. 2009ZX07631-03-01-01).
　　
　　6. References
　　[1] Huangxi Sheng; Guan Hui; of the vulnerable groups of the environment of ecological compensation [J]; environment and sustainable development; 2006.2
　　[2] Lvzhong Mei; Chao; paradigm shift on water pollution control legislation - to the Dianchi Lake Protection Ordinance Amendment as an example [J]; Henan Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences); 2007.2
　　[3] Xiaofang Yue, Luan Sheng base; New Perspective on rural issues - urban and rural environment is poor, a phenomenon with the theory of [J]; Science & Technology Review; 2003.8

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