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四级阅读理解之细节信息题快速定位法|阅读理解细节题

发布时间:2019-04-23 06:45:57 浏览数:

  所谓细节信息题,是指题干是针对文中某处具体细节提出问题的,例如问某人做了什么事、某地发生了什么情况、某物有什么特点等。此类题的特点是题干中往往出现具体且独特的信息,尤其容易出现数字类信息(如数量、日期、金额等)、专有名词(如人名、地名、机构名等)或特殊概念(如著作名称、新技术等)等标志性信息,这些信息非常便于考生回原文快速定位答案区域。下面笔者给考生举几个细节信息题的例子:
  What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum? (2011年6月第62题)
  What does the Indiana University study show? (2011年12月第59题)
  Why does Facebook make changes to its rules according to Elliot Schrage? (2012年6月第64题)
  从历年真题的难度来看,细节信息题难度不大,但考生却特别容易丢分。究其原因,主要有两个:一是考生对做题时间的把控能力不强,定位寻找答案的速度太慢,导致做题时太仓促;二是考生即使能把控好做题时间,却找错了定位点或找不到定位点,导致做题纯粹靠“蒙”。鉴于此,笔者在本文简要介绍三种高效的定位方法,希望能对考生有所帮助。
  定位法解题三部曲
  凡解题,皆有基本套路,或曰解题步骤。下面笔者就来为各位考生介绍细节信息题的解题步骤。
  第一步:判断
  拿到题后,考生首先要做的就是根据题干内容和题干中出现的关键词对题目进行“定性判断”,即判断出题目是否属于细节信息题。
  第二步:定位
  细节信息题的解题关键在于定位,即根据题干中提供的关键信息回原文搜索答案区域,一旦发现文章某处出现了与题干相关的信息,就算完成了定位。根据关键词回原文定位的方法是最基本的定位方法,较常用的定位关键词通常是专有名词和具体数字。但有时候单凭一两个关键词还不能成功定位,或者题干中没有出现明显的关键词,这个时候就要用其他定位法了,下文中笔者将做详细讲解。
  第三步:对比
  完成定位后,考生接下来要把定位到的答案区域的相关信息与选项内容逐一作对比,然后确定答案。如果不能直接确定答案,则可以采取排除法,在排除了无关选项或“偷换概念”“颠倒是非”的选项后,正确答案自然就会显现。
  实例剖析
  下面笔者结合例题来为考生介绍在考试中较常用的几种快速定位法以及如何用这些定位法解题。
  方法一:关键词直接定位法
  所谓关键词直接定位法,是指考生利用题干中提供的专有名词、数字信息等典型的关键词回原文直接定位答案区域。
  例1:Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday. A YouGov poll of 2,000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money. What’s less clear is whether divorce and separation rates rise in a recession—financial pressures mean couples argue more but make splitting up less affordable. A recent research shows arguments about money were especially damaging to couples. Disputes were characterized by intense verbal (言语上的) aggression, tended to be repeated and not resolved, and made men, more than women, extremely angry. (2011年12月四级传统阅读理解真题第二篇第二段)
  64. The YouGov poll of 2,000 people indicates that in a recession _________________.
  A) conflicts between couples tend to rise
  B) it is more expensive for couples to split up
  C) couples show more concern for each other
  D) divorce and separation rates increase
  解析:
  第一步:判断。题干的意思显然是在问具体的调查结果,题干中出现了专有名词YouGov和数字2,000,本题属于对细节内容的考查。
  第二步:定位。根据题干中的YouGov和数字2,000这两个提示性极强的关键词,考生可以将答案信息定位至全文第二段第三句话。
  第三步:对比。我们来具体分析第二段第三句话:“A YouGov poll of 2,000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money.”这句话的意思是说YouGov调查发现因为钱的关系,伴侣之间的争吵会更多。在四个选项中与之相符的选项是A,所以选项A为正确答案。   方法二:多重关键词定位法
  所谓多重关键词定位法,是指考生根据题干中的多个词或短语回原文定位答案区域,如果其中一个词定位不准确,还可以用另一个词确定答案区域。
  例2:Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Kofi Annan, the former United Nations Secretary-General.
  The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (营养不良) and heat-related health problems. (2011年6月四级传统阅读理解真题第二篇第一、二段)
  62. What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum?
  A) Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development.
  B) Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming.
  C) Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries.
  D) Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters.
  解析:
  第一步:判断。该题题干的意思是“全球人道主义论坛有什么发现?”,并且题干中出现了专有名词Global Humanitarian Forum,由这两点考生可以判断出这道题属于细节信息题。
  第二步:定位。本题题干中出现了专有名词Global Humanitarian Forum,考生似乎可以据此将答题区域定位至文章第一段。但大致浏览全文后考生会发现,文章中多处出现了Forum一词,指的都是Global Humanitarian Forum。所以,答案可能并不在第一段。这也说明有时只选择一个词或短语作为关键词来定位答案区域可能会出现问题。为了避免这种情况发生,考生在利用题干关键词定位答案区域时,要学会一次性锁定多个关键词同步定位。就本题而言,考生还可以使用另一个关键词finding来定位。如果用该词定位的话,考生会发现文中与之对应的词是found,从而据此将答案区域定位至文章第二段第二句话。
  第三步:对比。考生接下来具体分析第二段第二句话:“It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (营养不良) and heat-related health problems.”这句话大意是说,报告发现由人类活动造成的气候变化增加了全球各种疾病引发的死亡率。对比四个选项,与之相符的只有选项B,所以本题正确答案是选项B。
  方法三:“三明治”定位法
  所谓“三明治”定位法,是指当利用题干关键词在原文中不易确定答案区域时,或者题干中没有明显的关键词时,考生可以不用关键词定位,而是先确定该题的前一道题和后一道题在原文中的答案区域。确定之后,根据四级阅读理解“依次而下”的出题原则,这两道题的答案区域中间所“夹”的部分就是该题的答案区域。也就是说,假设原文共有A、B、C三段,如果目标题目的前一道题的答案区域在A段,后一道题的答案区域在C段,那么该题的答案区域就在中间的B段。
  例3:People are being lured (引诱) onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service, without realizing they’re paying for it by giving up loads of personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages.
  Most Facebook users don’t realize this is happening. Even if they know what the company is up to, they still have no idea what they’re paying for Facebook, because people don’t really know what their personal data is worth.
  The biggest problem, however, is that the company keeps changing the rules. Early on, you keep everything private. That was the great thing about Facebook—you could create your own little private network. Last year, the company changed its privacy rules so that many things—your city, your photo, your friends’ names—were set, by default (默认), to be shared with everyone on the Internet.   According to Facebook’s vice-president Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to improve its service, and if people don’t share information they have a “less satisfying experience.” (2012年6月四级传统阅读理解真题第二篇第一至四段)
  63. What does the author say about most Facebook users?
  A) They are reluctant to give up their personal information.
  B) They don’t know their personal data enriches Facebook.
  C) They don’t identify themselves when using the website.
  D) They care very little about their personal information.
  解析:
  第一步:判断。首先,根据题干大意和题干中出现的专有名词Facebook,我们可判断出此题属于细节信息题。
  第二步:定位。题干中虽有专有名词Facebook,但考生只要大致看一下原文就会发现全篇多处都出现了Facebook这个词,因此凭借题干关键词不太好确定答案区域。考生解答本题时可以选择用“三明治”定位法。本题的前一题是62题:“What do we learn about Facebook from the first paragraph?”通过题干关键词first paragraph,考生可知62题的答题区域在文章第一段。而本题的后一道题是64题:“Why does Facebook make changes to its rules according to Elliot Schrage?”根据题干关键词Elliot Schrage,考生可以把64题的答题区域定位在文章第四段。因此,63题的答案区域就应该定位在文章的第二段或第三段。接下来根据题干中的most和users两个词,考生即可将该题答题区域定位至原文第二段。
  第三步:对比。定位完成后,考生来细读第二段的内容。第二段最后一句话说:“… they still have no idea what they’re paying for Facebook, because people don’t really know what their personal data is worth.”这句话的意思是说Facebook用户们仍不知道自己为Facebook付出了什么,因为他们根本不知道自己的个人信息有什么价值。在四个选项中能与之相符的只有选项B,所以本题正确答案是选项B。

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